1. Why “AI Humanizers” Matter More Than Ever

As generative AI tools such as ChatGPT, Gemini, and Claude become mainstream in both education and professional writing, universities and publishers are paying closer attention to the AI content ratio in submitted work.

The Rise of AI Detection Policies

Many institutions have implemented or updated their AI policies in 2024 – 2025. For example:

• Stanford University explicitly requires students to disclose any generative AI use: “Students should acknowledge the use of generative AI (other than incidental use) … the use of such technology without attribution shall be treated analogously to assistance from another person.”( Stanford Office of Community Standards)

• Harvard University’s Bok Center states that AI tools “should only be used when instructors explicitly permit them” and warns that undisclosed AI use “may violate academic integrity standards.” (Bok Center Guidelines)

Meanwhile, AI-detection platforms like Turnitin have become widely integrated into university LMS systems. However, Turnitin itself acknowledges uncertainty in its results:
“Our AI-writing indicator is not definitive proof of misconduct. It should be interpreted with human judgment.” ( Turnitin Official Guide )

Because AI detection systems are now a standard part of academic integrity checks, writers who use AI responsibly still risk being misclassified as “AI-generated.”
To address this, “AI humanizer” tools emerged — software that rewrites AI-generated text to make it read more naturally and authentically human. These tools are used by students, educators, marketers, and professionals who want to sound organic while maintaining originality.

2. Diving into DigitalMagicWand AI Humanizer

DigitalMagicWand AI Humanizer became one of the earliest mainstream “AI to human” solutions in 2023. It offered a simple promise: Make your AI-generated content sound human in seconds.

Unlike some other tools that rely on complex prompts or rewriting templates, DigitalMagicWand’s algorithm focuses on syntactic variation and lexical substitution — in other words, reordering phrases and swapping out common words to make writing seem less uniform. It also allows users to choose between several tones, such as academic, casual, or creative, though the difference between modes is often subtle.

Strengths：

• Extremely easy to use: paste text → click “Humanize” → get output
• No installation required: entirely web-based with a clean interface
• Fast processing: ideal for short or medium-length AI texts
• Multiple tones available: academic, casual, or creative (though not deeply differentiated)
• Beginner-friendly: no technical or writing expertise required

Limitations：

①Superficial Rewriting
The tool mostly replaces synonyms or rearranges sentences without altering underlying structure. Detectors like Turnitin or GPTZero can still recognize repetitive patterns typical of AI-generated text.

② Tone Inconsistency
While it tries to simulate natural phrasing, users often describe the results as “robotic but trying to be human.” (Reddit discussion)

③ Loss of Meaning
Over-simplified substitutions sometimes change nuance or academic accuracy, especially in technical or analytical writing.

④ No AI-Detection Feedback
Unlike advanced platforms, it does not highlight which parts of a text are most likely triggering AI detectors, offering no diagnostic transparency.
In short, while DigitalMagicWand can reduce AI scores slightly, its shallow approach is inadequate for professional or academic contexts that require consistent style and logical flow.

3. Top Alternatives to DigitalMagicWand in 2025

As AI detection systems continue to evolve, users are demanding more advanced “AI-to-human” tools—ones that go beyond superficial synonym swaps. While DigitalMagicWand remains a simple entry point, several next-generation humanizers now combine linguistic precision, semantic depth, and even AI-detection analytics. Below are the most notable alternatives in 2025.

1. Undetectable.ai
🔗 Undetectable.ai

Undetectable.ai focuses on one core promise: making AI-generated text “undetectable.” The platform provides sentence-level rewriting, allowing users to adjust humanization depth. It supports multiple tones (academic, casual, marketing), and offers a built-in AI score preview.

Strengths:

• Real-time “AI-likeness” feedback
• User-friendly dashboard
• Works well for blog and SEO copy

Limitations:

• Inconsistent results with highly technical writing
• Occasional grammatical errors in longer passages

2. Humanize.ai
🔗 humanize.ai

Humanize.ai emphasizes stylistic diversity, letting users choose between tone profiles like academic, creative, and natural. It’s widely used for marketing blogs and conversational writing.

Strengths:

• Multiple tone modes
• Supports long-form rewriting (up to 3,000 words)
• Clean and modern UI

Limitations:

• No AI-detection preview
• Occasional repetition of sentence patterns

3. Ace Essay
🔗 aceessay.ai

Ace Essay stands out by integrating AI detection and humanization into one workflow. Instead of blindly rewriting, it first analyzes your text and highlights AI-like sections before polishing them. Its algorithm balances readability with academic credibility.

Strengths:

• A very high bypass rate against Turnitin, GPTZero, and ZeroGPT
• Maintains logical structure and academic tone
• Provides an official AI report to verify the humanization result.

Limitations:

• Only supports English

Different tools have different focuses. The key is to find the one that suits you best.

🎓 If you’re a student writing essays or research papers:
Use Ace Essay. It keeps your academic tone intact, provides AI-detection feedback, and polishes your writing to pass Turnitin with confidence.

✍️ If you’re a content creator or blogger:
Choose Undetectable.ai or Humanize.ai for quick, natural rewrites that flow smoothly online and SEO-focused writing.

💼 If you’re a professional preparing reports, cover letters, or analytical summaries: Ace Essay is ideal for preserving meaning and professional tone without introducing stylistic inconsistencies.

🕐 If you just need a fast fix for short, casual text:
DigitalMagicWand still works for small edits, though it’s less reliable for academic or formal use.

4. Responsible Use and Future Outlook

Responsible Use Matters
AI humanizers should be used to improve, not deceive. When used ethically, they help writers refine AI-assisted drafts into authentic and personalized writing. They bridge the gap between machine efficiency and human expression.
A 2023 research survey found that fewer than one-third of top 100 universities had formal rules for AI use, and among them, about two-thirds adopted a “use + teach” policy rather than bans.
— arXiv:2305.18617

Thus, writers should see humanizers as a learning aid — not a cheat tool — for editing, language variation, and style training.

Detection Tools Are Still Imperfect

Studies continue to show limitations in AI detectors. A 2023 analysis reported that AI detectors are “neither accurate nor reliable,” especially for non-native English writers.
— arXiv:2306.15666

As AI language models and detection systems evolve, the line between “AI-written” and “human-edited” text will blur. The future of writing is a hybrid — human creativity guided by AI efficiency.

5. Conclusion

DigitalMagicWand AI Humanizer played an important role in popularizing the idea of “humanizing AI text,” but its methods are now outdated.

In 2025, new solutions like Ace Essay, Undetectable.ai, and HumanizeIt.ai offer more nuanced, ethical, and academically credible alternatives. Writers should select tools that not only pass AI detection but also enhance clarity, style, and integrity.

In short, the goal is not to hide from AI detection, but to write beyond it, creating content that reads as authentic, thoughtful, and human.

About the Author

Claire Dawson

Claire Dawson is a dynamic content strategist at AceEssay, blending creativity with data-driven insights to craft compelling narratives and optimize SEO strategies. With a solid background in Marketing and Digital Media, Claire thrives on helping brands, especially in the academic space, grow their digital presence.Outside of her work, Claire is an avid traveler and a hobbyist photographer. At the same time, she loves making friends with people of different backgrounds.

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Aceessay has now launched the Citation Generation feature. You can experience the results from the guide below directly within the product.

Introduction

Harvard (Cite Them Right) style is a widely used author-date referencing system, particularly common in the UK and Australia across various disciplines. The Cite Them Right guide, now in its 12th edition, provides comprehensive instructions for citing a broad range of sources. This document offers a concise overview of Harvard (Cite Them Right) 12th Edition formatting, aiming to provide a quick reference for its key details.

In-text Citations and Full References

Harvard (Cite Them Right) referencing consists of two main elements:

• In-text citations: These are inserted within the body of your text and typically include the author(s) and publication date of the source. If a direct quotation or specific paraphrase is used, a page number is also included. If no publication date is available, ‘no date’ is used.
• Full references: These are provided in a reference list at the end of your work, arranged alphabetically by author. Full references provide complete bibliographical information for all sources cited in the text.

Difference between Reference List and Bibliography

• A reference list includes only sources that have been directly referred to in the body of your text.
• A bibliography includes sources referred to in the text, as well as sources that were part of your background reading but not directly cited.

Examples of In-text Citations

In-text citations are required whenever you quote, summarize, or paraphrase from a source. They typically consist of the author’s last name, the year of publication, and a page number if relevant.

• One Author: (Harris, 2015) or Harris (2015) argues that…
• Two Authors: (Shah and Papadopoulos, 2015) or Shah and Papadopoulos (2015) emphasized that…
• Three Authors: (Wong, Smith and Adebole, 2015) or Wong, Smith and Adebole (2015) emphasized that…
• Four or More Authors: (Wong et al., 2015) or Wong et al. (2015) emphasized that…
• Corporate Authors: Use the name of the corporate body. For longer names, use the full name the first time, then an abbreviation (e.g., (The Open University (OU), 2024) then (OU, 2024)).
• No Named Author: Use the title of the resource in italics instead of the author (e.g., (Information Literacy in Higher Education, 2015)).
• Secondary Referencing: Use ‘quoted in’ or ‘cited in’ to refer to a source mentioned in another work you are reading (e.g., West et al. (2007, quoted in Birch, 2017, p. 17)). Only the source you have read (Birch) is included in the full reference list.

Page Numbers

Include page numbers for direct quotations, paraphrases, or ideas from a specific page or set of pages. Use ‘p.’ for a single page and ‘pp.’ for multiple pages.

Examples: (Harris, 2015, p. 5) or (Toker et al., 2020, pp. 585–586).

Citing Multiple Sources Published in the Same Year by the Same Author

Add a lowercase letter to the date in both the in-text citation and the full reference to distinguish between the sources (e.g., (The Open University, 2022a)).

Full Reference Examples

Full references are listed alphabetically in the reference list.

Books

Basic Format:

Author, A. A. (Year) Title of work. Edition (if not the first). Place of publication: Publisher.

Example:

Cottrell, S. (2013) The study skills handbook. 4th ed. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.

Ebook:

Author, A. A. (Year) Title of work. Edition (if not the first). Available at: URL (Accessed: Date).

Example:

Moon, J. (2013) Reflection in learning and professional development: theory and practice. Available at: https://www.dawsonera.com/abstract/9780203810020 (Accessed: 24 February 2014).

Chapter in an Edited Book:

Chapter author, A. A. (Year) ‘Title of chapter’, in Editor, E. E. (ed.) Title of book. Place of publication: Publisher, page numbers.

Example:

Pollard, A. (2008) ‘An introduction to professional studies’, in Arthur, J. and Cremin, T. (eds.) Learning to teach in the primary school. 2nd ed. Abingdon: Routledge, pp. 3-15.

Journal Articles

Basic Format:

Author, A. A. (Year) ‘Title of article’, Title of Journal, Volume(Issue), page numbers.

Example:

Boughton, J.M. (2009) ‘The World Bank and the global fight against poverty, 1944–2004’, History of Political Economy, 41(Suppl 1), pp. 1–36.

Online Journal Article (with DOI):

Author, A. A. (Year) ‘Title of article’, Title of Journal, Volume(Issue), page numbers. doi:DOI number.

Example:

Kaufman, J. (2018) ‘The digital transformation of healthcare’, Journal of Medical Internet Research, 20(5), pp. e10123. doi:10.2196/10123.

Online Journal Article (without DOI):

Author, A. A. (Year) ‘Title of article’, Title of Journal, Volume(Issue), page numbers. Available at: URL (Accessed: Date).

Example:

Smith, J. (2020) ‘The impact of social media on mental health’, Psychology Today, 15(3), pp. 45-60. Available at: https://www.psychologytoday.com/articles/202003/the-impact-social-media-mental-health (Accessed: 10 October 2023).

Webpages and Websites

Basic Format:

Author, A. A. (Year) Title of page. Available at: URL (Accessed: Date).

Example:

NHS (2023) Mental health services. Available at: https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/services/ (Accessed: 15 November 2023).

Webpage with No Author:

Title of page (Year) Available at: URL (Accessed: Date).

Example:

About us (n.d.) Available at: https://www.example.com/about (Accessed: 1 January 2024).

Other Common Source Types

Newspaper Articles:

Author, A. A. (Year) ‘Title of article’, Title of Newspaper, Day Month, page numbers or Available at: URL (Accessed: Date).

Example:

Jones, S. (2023) ‘New policy announced’, The Guardian, 20 August, p. 5. Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/new-policy (Accessed: 21 August 2023).

Magazine Articles:

Author, A. A. (Year) ‘Title of article’, Title of Magazine, Day Month, page numbers.

Example:

Brown, L. (2022) ‘The future of technology’, Wired, 15 July, pp. 30-35.

Conference Papers:

Author, A. A. (Year) ‘Title of paper’, in Editor, E. E. (ed.) Title of conference proceedings. Place of publication: Publisher, page numbers.

Example:

White, P. (2019) ‘Sustainable urban development’, in Green, A. (ed.) Proceedings of the International Conference on Urban Planning. London: City Press, pp. 100-110.

Theses/Dissertations:

Author, A. A. (Year) Title of thesis. Level of thesis, Name of institution.

Example:

Davis, M. (2018) The impact of climate change on coastal ecosystems. PhD thesis, University of Cambridge.

Reports:

Author, A. A. (Year) Title of report. Place of publication: Publisher.

Example:

World Health Organization (2023) Global health report. Geneva: WHO.

Images/Figures:

Artist/Creator, A. A. (Year) Title of image [Type of work]. Available at: URL (Accessed: Date).

Example:

Van Gogh, V. (1889) The Starry Night [Painting]. Available at: https://www.moma.org/collection/works/80197 (Accessed: 1 March 2024).

Videos (e.g., YouTube):

Uploader, A. A. (Year) Title of video. Available at: URL (Accessed: Date).

Example:

TED (2019) How to live a good life. Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=example (Accessed: 10 April 2024).

This guide provides a concise overview of Harvard (Cite Them Right) 12th Edition citation style. For more detailed information and specific examples, always consult the official Cite Them Right handbook or online database.

Aceessay has now launched the Citation Generation feature. You can experience the results from the guide below directly within the product.

Introduction

IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) style is a widely used citation and formatting style in technical fields, particularly in electrical engineering, computer science, and electronics. It is known for its clear and concise numerical citation system. This document aims to provide a detailed overview of IEEE citation style, covering in-text citations, reference list formatting, and examples for various publication types.

I. Citing References

A. References in Text

IEEE style uses a numerical system for in-text citations. References are cited in the text using numbers enclosed in square brackets, which correspond to the numbered entries in the reference list.

• References need not be cited in the text. When they are, they appear on the line, in square brackets, inside the punctuation. Grammatically, they may be treated as if they were footnote numbers.

  • …as shown by Brown [4], [5].
  • …as mentioned earlier [2], [4]–[7], [9].
  • Smith [4] and Brown and Jones [5].
  • Wood et al. [7].

• Reference ranges in text: All references will be written out. For example, “[1]–[4]” will now be “[1], [2], [3], [4].”

• Multiple Authors in Text: Use “et al.” when three or more names are given for a reference cited in the text.

B. References Within a Reference

• Avoid using “ibid.” or “op. cit.” in the reference list. Instead, repeat the earlier reference number and renumber the reference section accordingly.

• If the “ibid.” gives a new page number, or other information, use the following forms: “[3, Th. 1]”, “[3, Lemma 2]”, “[3, pp. 5–10]”, “[3, eq. (2)]”, “[3, Fig. 1]”, “[3, Appendix I]”, “[3, Sec. 4.5]”, “[3, Ch. 2, pp. 5–10]”, “[3, Algorithm 5]”.

II. Style (Reference List General Rules)

• Reference numbers: Set flush left and form a column of their own, hanging out beyond the body of the reference. The reference numbers are on the line, enclosed in square brackets.

• Author Names: The given name of the author or editor is abbreviated to the initial only and precedes the last name. Do not use commas around Jr., Sr., and III in names: Michael Smith Jr.; Ray Barnett Sr.; Lucas Molignaro III.

• Number of Authors: IEEE publications must list names of all authors, up to six names. If there are more than six names listed, use the primary author’s name followed by “et al.” For non-IEEE publications, “et al.” may be used if names are not provided.

• Punctuation: All references, except those ending with URLs, will end with a period, including those with a DOI. However, if a reference contains both a DOI or accessed date, as well as a URL, the DOI or accessed date will be placed first, followed by a period, and then the URL.

• Journal Articles: If the issue number or month is not available, research IEEE Xplore to see if the publication carries these details. Not all IEEE publications include issue numbers and months.

• Early Access Articles: Should use the “Date of Publication.”

• Volume and Issue Publication Date: Articles published within a volume should use the volume and issue publication date.

• Two Months for Same Issue: If two months are cited for the same issue, they should be separated by a slash (e.g., Jul./Aug.), followed by the year of publication.

• Completeness: References may not include all information; please obtain and include relevant information.

• Combining References: Do not combine references. There must be only one reference with each number.

• URLs with Print References: If a URL is included with the print reference, it can be included at the end of the reference.

Publication Types and Formatting

A. Books

Basic Format:

[#] J. K. Author, “Title of chapter in the book,” in Title of Published Book, xth ed. City of Publisher, (only U.S. State), Country: Abbrev. of Publisher, year, ch. x, sec. x, pp. xxx–xxx.

Examples:

[1] B. Klaus and P. Horn, Robot Vision. Cambridge, MA, USA: MIT Press, 1986.
[2] L. Stein, “Random patterns,” in Computers and You, J. S. Brake, Ed., New York, NY, USA: Wiley, 1994, pp. 55–70.

Books, Monographs (Online):

[#] J. K. Author, “Title of chapter in the book,” in Title of Published Book, xth ed. City of Publisher, State, Country: Abbrev. of Publisher, year, ch. x, sec. x, pp. xxx–xxx. [Online]. Available: http://www.web.com

Examples:

[3] G. O. Young, “Synthetic structure of industrial plastics,” in Plastics, vol. 3, Polymers of Hexadromicon, J. Peters, Ed., 2nd ed. New York, NY, USA: McGraw-Hill, 1964, pp. 15–64. [Online]. Available: https://www.scirp.org
[4] The Terahertz Wave eBook. ZOmega Terahertz Corp., 2014. [Online]. Available: https://www.scribd.com/document/322662319/Thz-zomega-ebook-pdf-1206-sr-pdf. Accessed: May 19, 2014.

Book Translated:

[#] J. K. Author, “Title of chapter in the book,” in Title of Published Book, X. Editor, Ed., xth ed. City of Publisher, State (only U.S.), Country: Abbrev. of Publisher (in Language), year, ch. x, sec. x, pp. xxx–xxx.

Example:

[5] K. Ichiro, Thai Economy and Railway 1885–1935, Tokyo: Nihon Keizai Hyoronsha (in Japanese), 2000.

Book With Chapter Title:

[#] J. K. Author, “Title of chapter in the book,” in Title of Published Book, X. Editor, Ed., City of Publisher, State (only U.S.), Country: Abbrev. of Publisher, year, ch. x, sec. x, pp. xxx–xxx.

Example:

[6] T. Ogura, “Electronic government and surveillance-oriented society,” in Theorizing Surveillance: The Panopticon and Beyond. Cullompton, U.K.: Willan, 2006, ch. 13, pp. 270–295.

Book With Editor(s):

[#] X. Editor, Ed. Title of Published Book. City of Publisher, State (only U.S.), Country: Abbrev. of Publisher, year.

Example:

[7] W. R. Leonard and M. H. Crawford, Eds. Human Biology of Pastoral Populations. New York, NY, USA: Cambridge Univ. Press, 2002.

B. Conferences and Conference Proceedings

Conference Paper (Paper Presented at a Conference):

[#] J. K. Author, “Title of paper,” presented at the Abbreviated Name of Conf., City of Conf., Abbrev. State, Country, Month and day(s), year, Paper number.

Example:

[8] D. Caratelli, M. C. Viganó, G. Toso, and P. Angeletti, “Analytical placement technique for sparse arrays,” presented at the 32nd ESA Antenna Workshop, Noordwijk, The Netherlands, Oct. 5–8, 2010.

Conference Proceedings in Print (Paper Presented at a Conference):

[#] J. K. Author, “Title of paper,” in Abbreviated Name of Conf., (location of conference is optional), (Month and day(s) if provided) year, pp. xxx-xxx.

Example:

[9] A. Amador-Perez and R. A. Rodriguez-Solis, “Analysis of a CPW-fed annular slot ring antenna using DOE,” in Proc. IEEE Antennas Propag. Soc. Int. Symp., Jul. 2006, pp. 4301–4304.

Conference Proceedings With DOI:

[#] J. K. Author, “Title of paper,” in Abbreviated Name of Conf., (location of conference is optional), year, pp. xxx–xxx, doi: xxx.

Example:

[10] G. Veruggio, “The EURON roboethics roadmap,” in Proc. Humanoids ’06: 6th IEEE-RAS Int. Conf. Humanoid Robots, 2006, pp. 612–617, doi: 10.1109/ICHR.2006.321337.

Conference Proceedings With Editors:

[#] J. K. Author, “Title of paper,” in Abbreviated Name of Conf., X. Editor, Ed. (location of conference is optional), year, pp. xxx-xxx.

Example:

[11] A. Amador-Perez and R. A. Rodriguez-Solis, “Analysis of a CPW-fed annular slot ring antenna using DOE,” in Proc. IEEE Antennas Propag. Soc. Int. Symp., A. Amador-Perez and R. A. Rodriguez-Solis, Eds. Jul. 2006, pp. 4301–4304.

Conference Proceedings With Location:

[#] J. K. Author, “Title of paper,” in Abbreviated Name of Conf., City, State, Country, year, pp. xxx–xxx.

Example:

[12] L. S. Carmichael, N. Ghani, P. K. Rajan, K. O’Donoghue, and R. Holt, “Characterization and comparison of modern layer-2 Ethernet survivability protocols,” in Proc. 37th Southeastern Symp. Syst. Theory (SSST 2005), Tuskegee, AL, USA, Mar. 20–22, 2005, pp. 124–129.

Conference Proceedings With Series Title, Volume Title, and Edition:

[#] J. K. Author, “Title of paper,” in Abbreviated Name of Conf. in Volume Title, in Series Title, ed., year, pp. xxx-xxx.

Example:

[13] A. Amador-Perez and R. A. Rodriguez-Solis, “Analysis of a CPW-fed annular slot ring antenna using DOE,” in Proc. IEEE Antennas Propag. Soc. Int. Symp. in Antennas and Propagation, in IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, Jul. 2006, pp. 4301–4304.

Conference Paper Online:

[#] J. K. Author, “Title of paper,” in Abbreviated Name of Conf., (location of conference is optional), (Month and day(s) if provided) year, pp. xxx-xxx. [Online]. Available: URL

Example:

[14] A. Amador-Perez and R. A. Rodriguez-Solis, “Analysis of a CPW-fed annular slot ring antenna using DOE,” in Proc. IEEE Antennas Propag. Soc. Int. Symp., Jul. 2006, pp. 4301–4304. [Online]. Available: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/1667890/

Conference Proceedings Online:

[#] Abbreviated Name of Conf., (location of conference is optional), (Month and day(s) if provided) year. [Online]. Available: URL

Example:

[15] Proc. IEEE Antennas Propag. Soc. Int. Symp., Jul. 2006. [Online]. Available: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/conhome/1000000/proceeding.jsp

C. Course

Coursepack:

[#] J. K. Author, “Title of chapter/section,” in Title of Coursepack, J. K. Editor, Ed. City, State: Publisher, year, pp. xxx–xxx.

Example:

[16] J. K. Author, “Introduction to Electrical Engineering,” in EE 101 Coursepack, J. Smith, Ed. New York, NY: University Press, 2023, pp. 1–10.

D. Datasets

Online Dataset Reference Using a DOI:

[#] J. K. Author, Title of Dataset. Version (if available). Publisher, Year. doi: XXX.

Example:

[17] A. B. Smith, Climate Change Data. Version 1.0. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2022. doi: 10.1234/climate.data.2022.

Online Dataset Reference Using a DOI Resolver:

[#] J. K. Author, Title of Dataset. Version (if available). Publisher, Year. [Online]. Available: http://dx.doi.org/XXX

Example:

[18] A. B. Smith, Climate Change Data. Version 1.0. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2022. [Online]. Available: http://dx.doi.org/10.1234/climate.data.2022.

Online Dataset Reference Using a Website Address:

[#] J. K. Author, Title of Dataset. Version (if available). Publisher, Year. [Online]. Available: URL

Example:

[19] A. B. Smith, Climate Change Data. Version 1.0. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2022. [Online]. Available: https://www.noaa.gov/climate-data

E. Handbooks

[#] J. K. Author, Title of Handbook. City, State, Country: Publisher, year.

Example:

[20] M. Abramowitz and I. A. Stegun, Eds., Handbook of Mathematical Functions. Washington, DC, USA: NBS, 1964.

F. Lectures

Lecture Notes:

[#] J. K. Author, “Title of lecture notes,” Course Name, University Name, City, State, Country, Year.

Example:

[21] J. Smith, “Introduction to Circuits,” EE 201, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA, 2023.

Lecture Online:

[#] J. K. Author, “Title of lecture,” Course Name, University Name, City, State, Country, Year. [Online]. Available: URL

Example:

[22] J. Smith, “Introduction to Circuits,” EE 201, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA, 2023. [Online]. Available: https://www.eecs.berkeley.edu/ee201/lectures

G. Legal Citations

[#] Name of Act, Public Law No., Vol. Stat. (Year).

Example:

[23] National Environmental Policy Act of 1969, 42 U.S.C. § 4321 et seq. (1970).

H. Manuals

Manual (Print):

[#] Title of Manual. City, State, Country: Publisher, year.

Example:

[24] User Manual for Model X. New York, NY, USA: Tech Corp, 2022.

Manual (Online):

[#] Title of Manual. [Online]. Available: URL

Example:

[25] User Manual for Model X. [Online]. Available: https://www.techcorp.com/manuals/modelx

I. Online Video (e.g., YouTube)

[#] Author, “Title of video,” Website Name, Month Day, Year. [Video]. Available: URL

Example:

[26] TED, “Do schools kill creativity? | Sir Ken Robinson,” YouTube, Jan. 27, 2007. [Video]. Available: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iG9CE55wbtY

J. Patent

[#] J. K. Inventor, “Title of patent,” U.S. Patent x,xxx,xxx, Month Day, Year.

Example:

[27] S. P. Smith, “Method and apparatus for data encryption,” U.S. Patent 1,234,567, Oct. 26, 2021.

Patent Online:

[#] J. K. Inventor, “Title of patent,” U.S. Patent x,xxx,xxx, Month Day, Year. [Online]. Available: URL

Example:

[28] S. P. Smith, “Method and apparatus for data encryption,” U.S. Patent 1,234,567, Oct. 26, 2021. [Online]. Available: https://patents.google.com/patent/US1234567

K. Periodicals

Periodicals (Journal Articles):

[#] J. K. Author, “Title of article,” Abbrev. Title of Periodical, vol. x, no. x, pp. xxx–xxx, Month, year.

Example:

[29] J. K. Author, “Title of paper,” Abbrev. Title of Periodical, vol. x, no. x, pp. xxx–xxx, Month, year.

Periodical With Article ID:

[#] J. K. Author, “Title of article,” Abbrev. Title of Periodical, vol. x, no. x, Article ID: xxx, Month, year.

Example:

[30] J. K. Author, “Title of article,” Abbrev. Title of Periodical, vol. x, no. x, Article ID: 12345, Month, year.

Periodical With DOI:

[#] J. K. Author, “Title of article,” Abbrev. Title of Periodical, vol. x, no. x, pp. xxx–xxx, Month, year, doi: xxx.

Example:

[31] J. K. Author, “Title of article,” Abbrev. Title of Periodical, vol. x, no. x, pp. xxx–xxx, Month, year, doi: 10.1109/JLT.2015.2408109.

Periodical in Early Access:

[#] J. K. Author, “Title of article,” Abbrev. Title of Periodical, Early Access, doi: xxx.

Example:

[32] J. K. Author, “Title of article,” Abbrev. Title of Periodical, Early Access, doi: 10.1109/JLT.2015.2408109.

Periodical in Other Language:

[#] J. K. Author, “Title of article,” Abbrev. Title of Periodical (in Language), vol. x, no. x, pp. xxx–xxx, Month, year.

Example:

[33] J. K. Author, “Title of article,” Abbrev. Title of Periodical (in Japanese), vol. x, no. x, pp. xxx–xxx, Month, year.

Periodicals Online:

[#] J. K. Author, “Title of article,” Abbrev. Title of Periodical, vol. x, no. x, pp. xxx–xxx, Month, year. [Online]. Available: URL

Example:

[34] J. K. Author, “Title of article,” Abbrev. Title of Periodical, vol. x, no. x, pp. xxx–xxx, Month, year. [Online]. Available: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/1234567/

Virtual Journal:

[#] J. K. Author, “Title of article,” Abbrev. Title of Virtual Periodical, vol. x, no. x, Month, year. [Online]. Available: URL

Example:

[35] J. K. Author, “Title of article,” Virtual J. Nanoscale Sci. Technol., vol. x, no. x, Month, year. [Online]. Available: https://www.vjnano.org/article/12345

L. Reports

[#] J. K. Author, Title of report, Abbrev. Name of Co., City, State, Country, Abbrev. Report, year.

Example:

[36] J. K. Author, Technical Report on AI, IBM, Armonk, NY, USA, Tech. Rep. 123, 2023.

Report Online:

[#] J. K. Author, Title of report, Abbrev. Name of Co., City, State, Country, Abbrev. Report, year. [Online]. Available: URL

Example:

[37] J. K. Author, Technical Report on AI, IBM, Armonk, NY, USA, Tech. Rep. 123, 2023. [Online]. Available: https://www.ibm.com/reports/AI_report.pdf

M. Software

[#] Title of Software, Version. City, State, Country: Company, year.

Example:

[38] MATLAB, Version R2023a. Natick, MA, USA: MathWorks, 2023.

N. Standards

[#] Title of Standard, Standard number, Date.

Example:

[39] IEEE Standard for Floating-Point Arithmetic, IEEE Std 754-2019, 2019.

Standard Online:

[#] Title of Standard, Standard number, Date. [Online]. Available: URL

Example:

[40] IEEE Standard for Floating-Point Arithmetic, IEEE Std 754-2019, 2019. [Online]. Available: https://standards.ieee.org/standard/754-2019.html

O. Theses and Dissertations

[#] J. K. Author, “Title of thesis,” Type of degree thesis, Abbrev. Dept., Abbrev. Univ., City, State, Country, year.

Example:

[41] J. K. Author, “Design of a low-power wireless sensor network,” M.S. thesis, Dept. Elect. Eng., Univ. California, Berkeley, CA, USA, 2022.

Thesis Online:

[#] J. K. Author, “Title of thesis,” Type of degree thesis, Abbrev. Dept., Abbrev. Univ., City, State, Country, year. [Online]. Available: URL

Example:

[42] J. K. Author, “Design of a low-power wireless sensor network,” M.S. thesis, Dept. Elect. Eng., Univ. California, Berkeley, CA, USA, 2022. [Online]. Available: https://escholarship.org/uc/item/1234567

P. U.S. Government Documents

[#] Title of Document, Document number, Agency, City, State, Country, year.

Example:

[43] The Budget of the United States Government, Fiscal Year 2024, Office of Management and Budget, Washington, DC, USA, 2023.

Government Online:

[#] Title of Document, Document number, Agency, City, State, Country, year. [Online]. Available: URL

Example:

[44] The Budget of the United States Government, Fiscal Year 2024, Office of Management and Budget, Washington, DC, USA, 2023. [Online]. Available: https://www.whitehouse.gov/omb/budget/

Q. Unpublished

Preprint arXiv:

[#] J. K. Author, “Title of preprint,” arXiv:xxxx.xxxx [category], Month, year.

Example:

[45] J. K. Author, “A novel approach to quantum computing,” arXiv:2301.01234 [quant-ph], Jan., 2023.

R. Websites

[#] J. K. Author, “Title of webpage,” Website Name, Month Day, Year. [Online]. Available: URL

Example:

[46] IEEE, “About IEEE,” IEEE.org, Jan. 1, 2023. [Online]. Available: https://www.ieee.org/about

This guide provides a concise overview of IEEE citation style. For more detailed information and specific examples, always consult the official IEEE Reference Guide.

MLA (Modern Language Association) style is widely used in the humanities, particularly in literature, language, and cultural studies. The MLA Handbook, now in its 9th edition, provides comprehensive guidelines for citing sources and formatting academic papers. This guide offers a concise overview of MLA 9th Edition formatting, aiming to simplify the process of understanding and applying its rules.

Core Elements of Works Cited Entries

MLA 9th Edition emphasizes a "container system" for citing sources, which relies on nine core elements. These elements provide a flexible framework for citing various types of sources, regardless of their format. The core elements are:

1. Author: Who created the work?
2. Title of Source: What is the title of the specific work being cited (e.g., article, chapter, poem)?
3. Title of Container: What is the larger work that contains the source (e.g., book, journal, website)?
4. Other Contributors: Are there other individuals who contributed to the work (e.g., editors, translators)?
5. Version: Is there a specific version of the work (e.g., edition, revision)?
6. Number: Is there a number associated with the work (e.g., volume, issue number)?
7. Publisher: Who published the work?
8. Publication Date: When was the work published?
9. Location: Where can the work be found (e.g., page numbers, URL, DOI)?

These elements are presented in a specific order, followed by appropriate punctuation. If an element is not applicable or not available, it is simply omitted.

In-Text Citation Rules

MLA style uses a parenthetical citation system, typically including the author's last name and a page number. This allows readers to locate the full source information in the Works Cited list.

Basic In-Text Citation

• Include the author's last name and the page number(s) in parentheses.

  Example: (Smith 25)

Author Named in the Text

• If the author's name is mentioned in the sentence, only include the page number(s) in parentheses.

  Example: Smith argues that "…" (25).

Works by Multiple Authors

• Two Authors: Include both authors' last names.

  Example: (Smith and Jones 42)

• Three or More Authors: Include the first author's last name followed by "et al."

  Example: (Brown et al. 78)

Corporate Author

• If the source has a corporate author, use the name of the corporation.

  Example: (Modern Language Association 15)

No Author

• If no author is listed, use a shortened version of the title of the work in quotation marks (for articles, chapters, etc.) or italicized (for books, websites, etc.).

  Example: ("Title of Article" 10) or (Title of Book 120)

Multiple Works by the Same Author

• If you are citing multiple works by the same author, include a shortened title of the work in the in-text citation to distinguish between them.

  Example: (Smith, Article Title 30)

Direct Quotations

• For short quotations (four lines or fewer of prose, or three lines or fewer of verse), enclose the quotation in quotation marks and include the parenthetical citation after the closing quotation mark but before the period.

  Example: According to Smith, "The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog" (25).

• For long quotations (more than four lines of prose or three lines of verse), use a block quotation. Indent the entire quotation one inch from the left margin, do not use quotation marks, and place the parenthetical citation after the closing punctuation.

  Example:

  Smith states:
  The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog. The dog is very lazy and does not move. The fox continues to jump over the dog, demonstrating its agility and the dog's complacency. (25)

Works Cited List

The Works Cited list appears at the end of your paper and provides full bibliographic information for all sources cited in your text. It is organized alphabetically by the author's last name (or by title if no author is available).

General Format for Works Cited Entries

Author. "Title of Source." Title of Container, Other Contributors, Version, Number, Publisher, Publication Date, Location.

Publication Types and Formatting

Books

Basic Format:

Author Last Name, First Name. Title of Book. Publisher, Publication Date.

Example:

Austen, Jane. Pride and Prejudice. Penguin Classics, 2007.

Book with Two Authors:

Author Last Name, First Name, and First Name Last Name. Title of Book. Publisher, Publication Date.

Example:

Smith, John, and Jane Doe. The Art of Writing. University Press, 2020.

Book with Three or More Authors:

Author Last Name, First Name, et al. Title of Book. Publisher, Publication Date.

Example:

Brown, Sarah, et al. Research Methods. Academic Press, 2019.

Edited Book:

Editor Last Name, First Name, editor. Title of Book. Publisher, Publication Date.

Example:

Johnson, Emily, editor. Collected Essays. Modern Library, 2018.

Chapter in an Edited Book:

Author Last Name, First Name. "Title of Chapter." Title of Book, edited by Editor First Name Last Name, Publisher, Publication Date, page range.

Example:

Davis, Mark. "The Digital Age." Essays on Technology, edited by Lisa White, Tech Books, 2021, pp. 100-120.

Journal Articles

Basic Format:

Author Last Name, First Name. "Title of Article." Title of Journal, vol. Volume, no. Issue, Publication Date, page range.

Example:

Miller, Alice. "The Psychology of Learning." Journal of Educational Psychology, vol. 45, no. 2, 2018, pp. 123-145.

Journal Article from a Database:

Author Last Name, First Name. "Title of Article." Title of Journal, vol. Volume, no. Issue, Publication Date, page range. Name of Database, DOI or URL.

Example:

Chen, Li. "Climate Change Impacts." Environmental Science Review, vol. 10, no. 1, 2022, pp. 50-65. JSTOR, doi:10.1234/esr.2022.10.1.50.

Websites

Basic Format:

Author Last Name, First Name (if available). "Title of Webpage." Title of Website, Publisher (if different from website title), Date of Publication, URL.

Example:

Doe, Jane. "Understanding MLA Style." Purdue OWL, Purdue University, 15 May 2023, owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/mla_style/mla_formatting_and_style_guide/index.html.

Website with No Author:

"Title of Webpage." Title of Website, Publisher (if different from website title), Date of Publication, URL.

Example:

"About Us." Modern Language Association, www.mla.org/About-Us.

Other Common Source Types

MLA 9th Edition provides guidelines for a vast array of other source types. Here are some general principles for common ones:

Newspaper Articles:

Author Last Name, First Name. "Title of Article." Title of Newspaper, Day Month Year, page(s) or URL.

Example:

Johnson, David. "Local Economy Boosts." The Daily News, 10 Aug. 2023, www.thedailynews.com/local-economy-boosts.

Magazine Articles:

Author Last Name, First Name. "Title of Article." Title of Magazine, Day Month Year, page(s).

Example:

Williams, Sarah. "Future of AI." Tech Today, 20 July 2023, pp. 30-35.

Film/Movie:

Title of Film. Directed by Director First Name Last Name, Production Company, Year of Release.

Example:

Inception. Directed by Christopher Nolan, Warner Bros. Pictures, 2010.

TV Episode:

"Title of Episode." Title of Series, created by Creator First Name Last Name, season Season Number, episode Episode Number, Production Company, Year of Release.

Example:

"The One Where Everybody Finds Out." Friends, created by David Crane and Marta Kauffman, season 5, episode 14, Warner Bros. Television, 1999.

Song:

Artist Last Name, First Name. "Title of Song." Title of Album, Record Label, Year of Release.

Example:

Adele. "Rolling in the Deep." 21, XL Recordings, 2011.

Interview:

Interviewee Last Name, First Name. Interview. By Interviewer First Name Last Name. Publication (if applicable), Date of Interview.

Example:

Gates, Bill. Interview. By Charlie Rose. Charlie Rose Show, PBS, 20 May 2019.

YouTube Video:

Channel Name. "Title of Video." YouTube, Day Month Year, URL.

Example:

TED. "Do schools kill creativity? | Sir Ken Robinson." YouTube, 27 Jan. 2007, www.youtube.com/watch?v=iG9CE55wbtY.

This guide provides a concise overview of MLA 9th Edition citation style. For more detailed information and specific examples, always consult the official MLA Handbook or the Purdue OWL MLA Style Guide.

Aceessay has now launched the Citation Generation feature. You can experience the results from the guide below directly within the product.

Introduction

CSE (Council of Science Editors) style is widely used in scientific disciplines, particularly in the biological sciences. It emphasizes clarity and conciseness in scientific writing and offers three main citation systems: Citation-Sequence, Name-Year, and Citation-Name. This document provides a detailed overview of CSE citation style, focusing on its core principles and common publication types.

CSE Citation Systems

The CSE Manual presents three systems for referring to references within the text of a scientific publication:

1. Citation-Sequence: References are numbered consecutively in the order they first appear in the text. The reference list is then ordered numerically.
2. Name-Year: In-text citations consist of the author’s last name and the year of publication in parentheses. The reference list is arranged alphabetically by author.
3. Citation-Name: References are listed alphabetically by the first author’s surname and then numbered. In-text citations use these assigned numbers.

This guide will primarily focus on the Citation-Sequence and Name-Year systems, as they are the most commonly used.

In-Text Citations

Citation-Sequence System

• References are indicated by a superscript number in the text, corresponding to the numbered entry in the reference list.

  Example: …as shown in a recent study.¹

• If citing multiple sources at once, use a hyphen for consecutive numbers and commas for non-consecutive numbers.

  Example: …several studies have confirmed this.^2-4,7

• The same number is used for subsequent in-text references to the same document.

Name-Year System

• In-text citations consist of the author’s last name and the year of publication in parentheses.

  Example: (Smith 2023)

• If the author’s name is mentioned in the text, only the year is needed in parentheses.

  Example: Smith (2023) reported that…

• Multiple Authors:

  • Two Authors: (Smith and Jones 2023)
  • More than Two Authors: (Smith et al. 2023)

• No Author: Use a shortened title and year.

  Example: ("New Discoveries" 2023)

Reference List

Citation-Sequence System

• The reference list is titled "References" and is ordered numerically based on the order of appearance in the text.

Name-Year System

• The reference list is titled "References" and is arranged alphabetically by the author’s last name.

General Reference List Formatting Rules

• Author(s): List authors in the order they appear in the original text. For more than one author, names are separated by a comma. For articles with more than 5 authors, list the first author followed by "et al."
• Punctuation: Periods follow author(s), article title, and journal title. A semicolon separates the date from volume and issue. A colon precedes the location (page range or article number).
• Journal Titles: Generally abbreviated according to the List of Title Word Abbreviations.
• Online Sources: For online sources, add a URL to the end of the reference. A DOI-based URL (https://doi.org/) should be preferred when available.

Publication Types and Formatting

Journals

Basic Format:

Author(s). Article title. Journal title. Date;volume(issue):location. URL (if online)

Examples (Citation-Sequence/Citation-Name):

1. Haasnoot M, Lawrence J, Magnan AK. Pathways to coastal retreat. Science. 2021;372(6548):1287–1290. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abi6594

2. Ashraf M et al. Interaction between the distribution of diabetic retinopathy lesions and the association of optical coherence tomography angiography scans with diabetic retinopathy severity. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2020;138(12):1291–1297. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2020.4516

Examples (Name-Year):

Haasnoot M, Lawrence J, Magnan AK. 2021. Pathways to coastal retreat. Science. 372(6548):1287–1290. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abi6594

Ashraf M et al. 2020. Interaction between the distribution of diabetic retinopathy lesions and the association of optical coherence tomography angiography scans with diabetic retinopathy severity. JAMA Ophthalmol. 138(12):1291–1297. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2020.4516

Volume with no issue or other subdivision:

Kim KY, Kim BS. 2020. The effect of regional warming on the East Asian summer monsoon. Clim Dyn. 54:3259–3277. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-020-05169-7

Volume with issue and supplement:

Yohannes AM, Kaplan A, Hanania NA. 2018. Anxiety and depression in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: recognition and management. Cleve Clin J Med. 85(2 Suppl 1):S11–S18. https://doi.org/10.3949/ccjm.85.s1.03

Volume with supplement but no issue:

Bhaskar ST, Dholaria BR, Sengsayadeth SM, Savani BN, Oluwole OO. 2022. Role of bridging therapy during chimeric antigen receptor T cell therapy. eJHaem. 3(Suppl 1):39–45. https://doi.org/10.1002/jha2.335

Multiple volume numbers:

Bibi S, Alam K, Chishtie F, Bibi H, Rahman S. 2017. Temporal variation of black carbon concentration using Aethalometer observations and its relationships with meteorological variables in Karachi, Pakistan. J Atmos Sol Terr Phys. 157–158:67–77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jastp.2017.03.017

Article number but no volume or issue:

Liu L, Bai P, Liu C, Tian W, Liang K. 2020. Changes in extreme precipitation in the Mekong Basin. Adv Meteorol. 8874869. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/8874869

Books

Basic Format:

Author(s). Title. Edition. Publisher; year of publication.

Examples (Name-Year):

De Doncker RW, Duco WJP, Veltman A. 2020. Advanced electrical drives: analysis, modeling, control. Springer.

Organization as author:

Advanced Life Support Group. 2020. Acute psychiatric emergencies: a practical approach. Wiley-Blackwell.

Editor in place of author:

Gupta HK, editor. 2021. Encyclopedia of solid earth geophysics. 2nd ed. Springer.

Author(s) plus editor(s) or translator(s):

Klarsfeld A, Revah F. 2003. The biology of death: origins of mortality. Brady L, translator. Cornell University Press.

Luzikov VN. 1985. Mitochondrial biogenesis and breakdown. Galkin AV, translator; Roodyn DB, editor. Consultants Bureau.

Chapter or other part of a book, same author(s):

Everard M. 2017. Ecosystem services: key issues. Routledge. Chapter 8, Regenerative landscapes: reversing the cycle; p 141–169.

Chapter or other part of a book, different author(s):

Geisslitz S, Scherf K. 2021. The holy grail of ancient cereals. In: Boukid F, editor. Cereal-based foodstuffs: the backbone of Mediterranean cuisine. Springer. p 269–301.

Volume in a multivolume set:

Rabinovich AB, Fritz HM, Tanioka Y, Geist EL, editors. 2019. Global tsunami science: past and future. Vol 3. Birkhäuser.

Online book:

Agarwal A et al, editors. 2022. Oxford handbook of clinical surgery. 5th ed. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198799481.001.0001

Dissertations and Theses

Basic Format:

Author(s). Title [type of publication]. University; year.

Example (Name-Year):

Liang S. 2020. Transport properties of topological semimetals and non-symmorphic topological insulator [dissertation]. Princeton University. https://arks.princeton.edu/ark:/88435/dsp01vm40xv52n

Patents

Basic Format:

Inventor(s); assignee. Title. Country patent number. Date.

Example (Name-Year):

Engelhardt TP et al, inventors; Roche Diabetes Care, Inc, assignee. 2020. Diabetes manager for glucose testing and continuous glucose monitoring. United States patent US10568511B2. Feb 25.

Newspapers

Basic Format:

Author(s). Article title. Newspaper title. Date;section:page(s).

Example (Name-Year):

Zimmer C. 2021. To speed vaccination, Biden will use Defense Production Act. New York Times. Jan 22;Sect. A:1.

Websites

Basic Format:

Author(s). Title. Name of website. Date of publication/update;[date accessed]. URL.

Example (Name-Year):

National Cancer Institute. 2023. What is cancer? National Cancer Institute. [accessed 2023 Oct 26]. https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/understanding/what-is-cancer

This guide provides a concise overview of CSE citation style. For more detailed information and specific examples, always consult the official Scientific Style and Format by the Council of Science Editors.

Aceessay has now launched the Citation Generation feature. You can experience the results from the guide below directly within the product.

Introduction

Vancouver style is a numbered citation style widely used in medical and scientific publications, particularly in the health sciences. It is maintained by the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE) and is known for its concise in-text citations and numerically ordered reference lists. This document provides a detailed overview of Vancouver citation style, covering its core principles, in-text citation rules, reference list formatting, and examples for various publication types.

Vancouver Referencing Conventions

Vancouver style uses numbers in the text and a references list.

In-Text Citation

• At every point in the text where a particular work is referred to by quoting or paraphrasing, include the number which identifies the reference used, in brackets.

• References are numbered consecutively in the order in which they are first cited in the text.

  Example: …as demonstrated in a recent study [1].

• Multiple Citations: Use a hyphen for consecutive numbers and commas for non-consecutive numbers.

  Example: …several studies have shown this [2-4,7].

• Author Named in Text: If the author’s name is mentioned in the text, the number follows the author’s name.

  Example: Smith [5] reported that…

• Direct Quotations: Page numbers can be included after the citation number, though this is less common in Vancouver style.

  Example: …"the results were significant" [6 p.23].

References List

• References are presented in numerical order by the order in which they appear in the document.
• Only include sources that you have referenced in your work.
• If a bibliography is required (in addition to, or in place of, a references list), you can include further items that were read that informed your research and thinking for the assignment, in addition to those that you directly referenced.

How to Reference Using Vancouver Style

General Reference List Formatting Rules

• Author(s): List author surnames followed by initials. For two to six authors, list all. For seven or more authors/editors, list the first six followed by "et al."
• Title: Title of article/book. Subtitle is separated by a colon.
• Edition: If it is not the first edition, include the edition number.
• Place of Publication: City of publication.
• Publisher: Name of the publisher.
• Year of Publication: Year of publication.
• Online Sources: For online sources, include [online] after the title, [Accessed date] and "Available from: URL."

Publication Types and Formatting

Journal Articles

Journal article (print):

Author(s) surname Initial(s). Title of article. Abbreviated title of journal. Year of publication;volume number(issue number):page numbers.

Example:

1. Meric F, Bernstam EV, Mirza NQ, Hunt KK, Ames FC, Ross M I, et al. Breast cancer on the world wide web: cross sectional survey of quality of information and popularity of websites. BMJ. 2002;324(7331):101-5.

Journal article (online):

Author(s) surname Initial(s). Title of article. Abbreviated title of journal [online]. Year of publication [Accessed Date]. Available from: URL.

Example:

2. Smith J. The impact of climate change on public health. Environ Health Perspect [online]. 2023 [Accessed 2025 Jul 1] Available from: https://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/doi/10.1289/EHP12345

Books

Book:

Author surname Initial(s). Title: subtitle. Edition (if it is not the first edition). Place of publication: Publisher; Year of publication.

Example:

3. Cooke A. A guide to finding quality information on the Internet: selection and evaluation strategies. 2nd ed. London: Library Association Publishing; 2001.

Two to six authors:

First author surname Initial(s), second author surname Initial(s), third author surname Initials. Title: subtitle. Edition (if it is not the first edition). Place of publication: Publisher; Year of publication.

Example:

4. Feldman RS, Meyer JS, Quenzer LF. The American Psychiatric Press textbook of psychopharmacology. 2nd ed. Washington DC: American Psychiatric Association; 1998.

Seven or more authors/editors:

First author surname Initial(s), second author surname Initial(s), third author surname Initial(s), fourth author surname Initial(s), fifth author surname Initial(s), sixth author surname Initial(s), et al., editors. Title: subtitle. Edition (if it is not the first edition). Place of publication: Publisher; Year of publication.

Example:

5. Fauci AS, Braunwald E, Isselbacher KJ, Wilson JD, Martin JB, Kasper DL, et al., editors. Harrison’s principles of internal medicine. 14th ed. New York: McGraw Hill; 1998.

Book with organization as author:

SCONUL Advisory Committee on Information Literacy. Learning outcomes and information literacy. London: SCONUL; 2004.

Edited book:

Editor(s) surname Initial(s), editor(s). Title: subtitle. Edition (if it is not the first edition). Place of publication: Publisher; Year of publication.

Example:

6. Ennis F, editor. Infrastructure provision and the negotiating process. Aldershot: Ashgate; 2003.

Book chapter from an edited book:

Author(s) surname Initial(s). Title of chapter: subtitle. In: Author(s) surname Initial(s). Title of book. Place of publication: Publisher; Year of publication. p. page numbers.

Example:

7. Haefner H. Negative symptoms and the assessment of neurocognitive treatment response. In: Keefe RSE, McEvoy JP, editors. Negative symptom and cognitive deficit treatment response in schizophrenia. Washington DC: American Psychiatric Association; 2004. p. 85-110.

E-book (online):

Author(s) surname Initial(s). Title: subtitle [online]. Edition (if not the first edition). Place of publication: Publisher; Year of publication [Accessed Date]. Available from: URL of database / location in which the book is held

Example:

8. Greenhalgh T. How to read a paper: the basics of evidence based medicine [online]. London: BMJ Publishing Group; 2000 [Accessed 2008 Sep 8]. Available from: http://www.netlibrary.com/AccessProduct.aspx?ProductId=66703

E-book (reader format, e.g. Kindle):

Author(s)/Editor(s) surname Initials(s). Title: subtitle. Edition (if not the first edition). [Name of e-book reader]. Place of publication: Publisher; Year of publication.

Example:

9. Llewelyn H, Ang HA, Lewis KE, Al-Abdullah A. Oxford handbook of clinical diagnosis. 2nd ed. [Kindle DX e-book]. Oxford: OUP; 2009.

Webpages and Websites

Website / webpage:

Author(s) surname Initial(s). Title of webpage. Title of website [online]. Year. [Accessed Date]. Available from: URL.

Example:

10. World Health Organization. About WHO. World Health Organization [online]. 2023. [Accessed 2025 Jul 1] Available from: https://www.who.int/about

Other Common Source Types

Act of Parliament:

Country. Title of Act and year. Chapter. Place of Publication: Publisher.

Example:

11. Great Britain. Environment Act 1995. Chapter 25. London: The Stationery Office.

Blog:

Author(s) surname Initial(s). Title of blog entry. Date blog entry written. Title of blog [online]. Year. [Accessed date]. Available from: URL.

Example:

12. Welle K. Impressions from the Stockholm World Water Week. 25 August. ODI blog: commentary from leading development experts [online]. 2006. [Accessed 2007 Jul 9]. Available from: http://blogs.odi.org.uk/blogs/main/archive/category/1020.aspx

Conference proceedings (individual paper):

Author(s) Initial(s). Title of contribution. In: Editor(s) surname Initial(s). editor(s). Title of conference proceedings, date, place of conference. Place of publication: publisher; Year. p. page numbers.

Example:

13. Nelmes G. Container port automation. In : Corke P., Sukkarieh S. editors. Field and service robotics: results of the 5th international conference, 29-31 July 2005, Port Douglas. Berlin: Springer; 2006. p. 3-8.

Conference proceedings (as a whole):

Editor(s) surname Initial(s). editor(s). Title of conference proceedings, date, place of conference. Place of publication: publisher; Year.

Example:

14. Corke P., Sukkarieh S. editors. Field and service robotics: results of the 5th international conference, 29-31 July 2005, Port Douglas. Berlin: Springer; 2006

DVD:

Title. [DVD]. Place of production: Production company; year.

Example:

15. Acland’s DVD atlas of human anatomy: the lower extremity. [DVD]. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2004.

Film:

Title of film. [film]. Directed by: Full name of director. Place of production: Production company; year.

Example:

16. An inconvenient truth. [film]. Directed by: Davis Guggenheim. USA: Paramount; 2006.

Newspaper article:

Author(s) surname Initial(s). Title of article. Newspaper title. Year of publication Month Day:page numbers.

Example:

17. Smith J. New drug offers hope for cancer patients. The Times. 2025 Jul 1:A1.

Radio broadcast:

Title of broadcast. [radio broadcast]. Broadcaster; Date of broadcast.

Example:

18. All Things Considered. [radio broadcast]. NPR; 2025 Jul 1.

Television broadcast:

Title of broadcast. [television broadcast]. Broadcaster; Date of broadcast.

Example:

19. Planet Earth III. [television broadcast]. BBC; 2025 Jan 1.

Thesis or dissertation:

Author(s) surname Initial(s). Title of thesis/dissertation [type of thesis/dissertation]. Place of institution: Institution; Year.

Example:

20. Jones A. The effects of diet on cardiovascular health [PhD thesis]. London: University College London; 2024.

Twitter:

Author(s) surname Initial(s) (Twitter handle). Content of tweet. Twitter; Date of tweet. URL.

Example:

21. WHO (WHO). New guidelines on healthy eating released today. Twitter; 2025 Jul 1. https://twitter.com/WHO/status/1234567890

Wiki:

Title of page. Title of Wiki [online]. Year. [Accessed Date]. Available from: URL.

Example:

22. Climate Change. Wikipedia [online]. 2025. [Accessed 2025 Jul 1] Available from: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change

This guide provides a concise overview of Vancouver citation style. For more detailed information and specific examples, always consult the official ICMJE Recommendations or other authoritative Vancouver style guides.

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Introduction

Chicago style, particularly the Notes and Bibliography system, is widely used in the humanities, including literature, history, and the arts. The Chicago Manual of Style, now in its 17th edition, provides comprehensive guidelines for citing sources and formatting academic papers. This document offers a concise overview of Chicago 17th Edition (Notes and Bibliography) formatting, aiming to simplify the process of understanding and applying its rules.

Notes and Bibliography System

The Chicago Notes and Bibliography system uses footnotes or endnotes to cite sources within the text, along with a comprehensive bibliography at the end of the document. This system is flexible and can accommodate a wide variety of sources.

Footnotes/Endnotes

• Full Note: The first time a source is cited, a full note is typically used, providing complete bibliographic information.
• Shortened Note: Subsequent citations of the same source use a shortened note, usually consisting of the author’s last name, a shortened title, and the page number(s).

Bibliography

• The bibliography lists all sources cited in the notes, in alphabetical order by the author’s last name.
• Bibliography entries provide more complete publication details than notes.

In-Text Citation Rules (Notes)

Chicago style (Notes and Bibliography) uses numbered footnotes or endnotes to refer to sources. A superscript number in the text corresponds to a numbered note at the bottom of the page (footnote) or at the end of the paper (endnote).

Basic Note Format

1. Author First Name Last Name, Title of Book (Place of Publication: Publisher, Year), page number(s).

Shortened Note Format

2. Author Last Name, Shortened Title, page number(s).

Multiple Authors

• Two or Three Authors: List all authors in the note.

  Example: 1. Amy J. Binder and Jeffrey L. Kidder, The Channels of Student Activism: How the Left and Right Are Winning (and Losing) in Campus Politics Today (University of Chicago Press, 2022), 117–18.

• Four or More Authors: List the first author followed by "et al."

  Example: 1. Amiel A. Dror et al., "Pre-Infection 25-Hydroxyvitamin D3 Levels and Association with Severity of COVID-19 Illness," PLOS ONE 17, no. 2 (2022): 4–5.

Corporate Author

• Use the name of the corporate body as the author.

  Example: 1. National Institute of Mental Health, Anxiety Disorders (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2018), 10.

No Author

• If no author is listed, begin the note with the title of the work.

  Example: 1. "Title of Article," Journal Name volume, no. issue (Year): page number.

Direct Quotations

• Always include page numbers for direct quotations.

  Example: 1. Charles Yu, Interior Chinatown (Pantheon Books, 2020), 45.

Bibliography Format

Bibliography entries are listed alphabetically by the author’s last name. The first line of each entry is flush left, and subsequent lines are indented (hanging indent).

General Format for Bibliography Entries

Author Last Name, First Name. Title of Work. Place of Publication: Publisher, Year.

Publication Types and Formatting

Books

Basic Format:

Author Last Name, First Name. Title of Book. Place of Publication: Publisher, Year.

Example:

Yu, Charles. Interior Chinatown. Pantheon Books, 2020.

Book with Two or More Authors:

Binder, Amy J., and Jeffrey L. Kidder. The Channels of Student Activism: How the Left and Right Are Winning (and Losing) in Campus Politics Today. University of Chicago Press, 2022.

Edited Book:

Marks, P. J. M., and Stephen Parkin, eds. The Book by Design: The Remarkable Story of the World’s Greatest Invention. University of Chicago Press, 2023.

Chapter in an Edited Book:

Doyle, Kathleen. "The Queen Mary Psalter." In The Book by Design: The Remarkable Story of the World’s Greatest Invention, edited by P. J. M. Marks and Stephen Parkin. University of Chicago Press, 2023.

Translated Book:

Liu Xinwu. The Wedding Party. Translated by Jeremy Tiang. Amazon Crossing, 2021.

Book Consulted in an Electronic Format:

Borel, Brooke. The Chicago Guide to Fact-Checking. 2nd ed. University of Chicago Press, 2023. EBSCOhost.

Melville, Herman. Moby-Dick; or, The Whale. New York, 1851. https://melville.electroniclibrary.org/moby-dick-side-by-side.

Journal Articles

Basic Format:

Author Last Name, First Name. "Title of Article." Journal Name Volume, no. Issue (Year): page range. DOI or URL.

Example:

Kwon, Hyeyoung. "Inclusion Work: Children of Immigrants Claiming Membership in Everyday Life." American Journal of Sociology 127, no. 6 (2022): 1818–59. https://doi.org/10.1086/720277.

Hebert, B. T. "The Island of Bolsö: A Study of Norwegian Life." Sociological Review 17, no. 4 (1925): 307–13. EBSCOhost.

Journal Article with Many Authors (more than 10):

Dror, Amiel A., Nicole Morozov, Amani Daoud, et al. "Pre-Infection 25-Hydroxyvitamin D3 Levels and Association with Severity of COVID-19 Illness." PLOS ONE 17, no. 2 (2022): e0263069. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0263069.

Webpages and Websites

Basic Format:

Author Last Name, First Name (if available). "Title of Page." Title of Website. Last modified Month Day, Year. URL.

Example:

"About Us." The Chicago Manual of Style Online. Accessed July 1, 2025. https://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/about.html.

Blog Post:

Author Last Name, First Name. "Title of Blog Post." Blog Name (blog), Month Day, Year. URL.

Example:

Sagan, Carl. "Cosmos." The Sagan Blog (blog), October 20, 2020. https://www.carlsagan.com/blog/cosmos.

Other Common Source Types

News or Magazine Article:

Author Last Name, First Name. "Title of Article." News/Magazine Title, Month Day, Year. URL.

Example:

Goodman, Amy. "The Climate Crisis." Democracy Now!, June 25, 2025. https://www.democracynow.org/2025/6/25/climate_crisis.

Book Review:

Reviewer Last Name, First Name. "Review Title." Review of Book Title, by Author First Name Last Name. Journal/Magazine Title Volume, no. Issue (Year): page range.

Example:

James, David. "A Review of Modern Art." Review of Art Since 1900, by Hal Foster et al. Art Journal 65, no. 1 (2006): 120–22.

Interview:

Interviewee Last Name, First Name. Interview by Interviewer First Name Last Name. Month Day, Year. Location of interview (if applicable).

Example:

Obama, Barack. Interview by David Letterman. June 1, 2025. New York.

Thesis or Dissertation:

Author Last Name, First Name. "Title of Thesis/Dissertation." Type of thesis/dissertation, University, Year.

Example:

Smith, Jane. "The Impact of Social Media on Political Discourse." PhD diss., University of Chicago, 2020.

Social Media Content:

Author Last Name, First Name (or Account Name). "Content of Post (up to 160 characters)." Social Media Platform, Month Day, Year, Time. URL.

Example:

Chicago Manual of Style. "Is it "data are" or "data is"? Our latest Q&A addresses this common question." Facebook, June 20, 2025, 10:30 a.m. https://www.facebook.com/ChicagoManualofStyle/posts/1234567890.

Video or Podcast:

Creator Last Name, First Name (or Creator/Host). "Title of Video/Episode." Title of Series/Program, Month Day, Year. Video/Audio, Duration. URL.

Example:

NPR. "The Science of Sleep." Fresh Air, July 10, 2025. Audio, 45:00. https://www.npr.org/podcasts/fresh-air.

This guide provides a concise overview of Chicago 17th Edition (Notes and Bibliography) citation style. For more detailed information and specific examples, always consult the official Chicago Manual of Style or its online resources.

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Introduction

Chicago style offers two main citation systems: Notes and Bibliography, and Author-Date. The Author-Date system, commonly used in the social sciences, provides brief in-text citations that direct readers to a comprehensive reference list. This document offers a concise overview of Chicago 17th Edition (Author-Date) formatting, aiming to simplify the process of understanding and applying its rules.

Author-Date System

The Chicago Author-Date system uses parenthetical citations within the text, typically consisting of the author"s last name and the year of publication. These in-text citations correspond to a reference list at the end of the document.

In-Text Citations

• Basic Format: (Author Year, page number)

  Example: (Yu 2020, 45)

• Author Named in Text: If the author"s name is mentioned in the sentence, only the year and page number are needed in parentheses.

  Example: Yu (2020, 45) states that…

• Multiple Authors:

  • Two Authors: (Binder and Kidder 2022, 117–18)
  • Three or More Authors: (Dror et al. 2022, 10–11)

• Corporate Author: (National Institute of Mental Health 2018, 10)

• No Author: Use a shortened title and year.

  Example: ("Title of Article" 2020, 5)

Reference List

• The reference list is titled "References" and is arranged alphabetically by the author"s last name.
• Each entry provides full bibliographic details for every source cited in the text.

Reference List Format

General Format for Reference List Entries

Author Last Name, First Name. Year. Title of Work. Place of Publication: Publisher.

Publication Types and Formatting

Books

Basic Format:

Author Last Name, First Name. Year. Title of Book. Place of Publication: Publisher.

Example:

Yu, Charles. 2020. Interior Chinatown. Pantheon Books.

Book with Two or More Authors:

Binder, Amy J., and Jeffrey L. Kidder. 2022. The Channels of Student Activism: How the Left and Right Are Winning (and Losing) in Campus Politics Today. University of Chicago Press.

Edited Book:

Marks, P. J. M., and Stephen Parkin, eds. 2023. The Book by Design: The Remarkable Story of the World’s Greatest Invention. University of Chicago Press.

Chapter in an Edited Book:

Doyle, Kathleen. 2023. "The Queen Mary Psalter." In The Book by Design: The Remarkable Story of the World’s Greatest Invention, edited by P. J. M. Marks and Stephen Parkin. University of Chicago Press.

Translated Book:

Liu Xinwu. 2021. The Wedding Party. Translated by Jeremy Tiang. Amazon Crossing.

Book Consulted in an Electronic Format:

Borel, Brooke. 2023. The Chicago Guide to Fact-Checking. 2nd ed. University of Chicago Press. EBSCOhost.

Melville, Herman. 1851. Moby-Dick; or, The Whale. New York. https://melville.electroniclibrary.org/moby-dick-side-by-side.

Journal Articles

Basic Format:

Author Last Name, First Name. Year. "Title of Article." Journal Name Volume (Issue): page range. DOI or URL.

Example:

Kwon, Hyeyoung. 2022. "Inclusion Work: Children of Immigrants Claiming Membership in Everyday Life." American Journal of Sociology 127 (6): 1818–59. https://doi.org/10.1086/720277.

Hebert, B. T. 1925. "The Island of Bolsö: A Study of Norwegian Life." Sociological Review 17 (4): 307–13. EBSCOhost.

Journal Article with Many Authors (more than 10):

Dror, Amiel A., Nicole Morozov, Amani Daoud, et al. 2022. "Pre-Infection 25-Hydroxyvitamin D3 Levels and Association with Severity of COVID-19 Illness." PLOS ONE 17 (2): e0263069. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0263069.

Webpages and Websites

Basic Format:

Author Last Name, First Name (if available). Year. "Title of Page." Title of Website. Last modified Month Day, Year. URL.

Example:

"About Us." 2025. The Chicago Manual of Style Online. Accessed July 1. https://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/about.html.

Blog Post:

Sagan, Carl. 2020. "Cosmos." The Sagan Blog (blog), October 20. https://www.carlsagan.com/blog/cosmos.

Other Common Source Types

News or Magazine Article:

Blum, Dani. 2023. "Are Flax Seeds All That?" New York Times, December 13. https://www.nytimes.com/2023/12/13/well/eat/flax-seeds-benefits.html.

Book Review:

Jacobs, Alexandra. 2023. "The Muchness of Madonna." Review of Madonna: A Rebel Life, by Mary Gabriel. New York Times, October 8.

Interview:

Buolamwini, Joy. 2023. "\‘If You Have a Face, You Have a Place in the Conversation About AI,\’ Expert Says." Interview by Tonya Mosley. Fresh Air, NPR, November 28. Audio, 37:58. https://www.npr.org/2023/11/28/1215529902/unmasking-ai-facial-recognition-technology-joy-buolamwini.

Thesis or Dissertation:

Blajer de la Garza, Yuna. 2019. "A House Is Not a Home: Citizenship and Belonging in Contemporary Democracies." PhD diss., University of Chicago. ProQuest (13865986).

Social Media Content:

Chicago Manual of Style. 2025. "Is it "data are" or "data is"? Our latest Q&A addresses this common question." Facebook, June 20, 10:30 a.m. https://www.facebook.com/ChicagoManualofStyle/posts/1234567890.

Video or Podcast:

NPR. 2025. "The Science of Sleep." Fresh Air, July 10. Audio, 45:00. https://www.npr.org/podcasts/fresh-air.

This guide provides a concise overview of Chicago 17th Edition (Author-Date) citation style. For more detailed information and specific examples, always consult the official Chicago Manual of Style or its online resources.

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Introduction

AMA (American Medical Association) style is widely used in medical and scientific publishing. It provides clear guidelines for citing sources and formatting manuscripts, ensuring consistency and accuracy in medical literature. This document offers a concise overview of AMA 11th Edition formatting, aiming to simplify the process of understanding and applying its rules.

What is AMA Style?

The American Medical Association (AMA) style was created by editors of the Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA). AMA style specifies writing and citation styles for scholarly works in medicine and is internationally recognized and used throughout disciplines in the health sciences. The AMA Manual of Style was first published in 1963, and is currently in its 11th edition (2020).

In-Text Citations

AMA style uses a numerical system for in-text citations. References are numbered consecutively in the order they are first mentioned in the text. The corresponding number is placed as a superscript Arabic numeral.

• Basic Format: Superscript number after the cited material.

  Example: …as demonstrated in a recent study.¹

• Multiple Citations: Use hyphens for consecutive numbers and commas for non-consecutive numbers.

  Example: …several studies have shown this.^2-4,7

• Author Named in Text: If the author’s name is mentioned in the text, the superscript number follows the author’s name.

  Example: Smith⁵ reported that…

• Direct Quotations: Page numbers are included in parentheses after the superscript number.

  Example: …"the results were significant"^6(p23).

Reference List

The reference list, titled "References," appears at the end of the document. Entries are listed numerically in the order they were cited in the text. Each entry corresponds to an in-text citation.

General Format for Reference List Entries

Author AA, Author BB, Author CC. Title of article. Abbreviated Journal Title. Year;volume(issue):pages. DOI (if available).

Publication Types and Formatting

Journal Articles

Standard Journal Article:

Author AA, Author BB. Title of article. Abbreviated Journal Title. Year;volume(issue):pages.

Example:

1. Smith J, Jones K. The effects of exercise on mental health. J Health Psychol. 2023;28(5):600-610.

Journal Article with DOI:

Author AA, Author BB. Title of article. Abbreviated Journal Title. Year;volume(issue):pages. doi:XXX.

Example:

2. Lee M, Chen L. Advances in cancer research. Oncol Rev. 2022;15(2):120-135. doi:10.1002/onco.12345

Journal Article with More Than 6 Authors: List the first 6 authors followed by "et al."

Example:

3. Brown A, White B, Green C, et al. A new approach to diabetes management. Diabetes Care. 2021;44(1):10-20.

Books

Standard Book:

Author AA, Author BB. Title of Book. Edition number (if beyond first). Publisher; Year.

Example:

4. Johnson R, Williams S. Medical Terminology. 3rd ed. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2020.

Chapter in an Edited Book:

Author AA. Chapter title. In: Editor AA, Editor BB, eds. Title of Book. Edition number (if beyond first). Publisher; Year:pages.

Example:

5. Davis P. The immune system. In: Adams J, Baker L, eds. Human Physiology. 2nd ed. Elsevier; 2022:150-170.

Online Book/Ebook:

Author AA. Title of Book. Publisher; Year. URL.

Example:

6. Miller T. Clinical Pharmacology. McGraw-Hill; 2021. https://www.accessmedicine.com/book/miller-clinical-pharmacology

Webpages and Websites

Standard Webpage:

Author AA (if available). Title of webpage. Website Name. Published Month Day, Year. Updated Month Day, Year (if applicable). Accessed Month Day, Year. URL.

Example:

7. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. About heart disease. CDC. Published May 15, 2023. Accessed July 1, 2025. https://www.cdc.gov/heartdisease/about.htm

Other Common Source Types

Conference Proceedings:

Author AA, Author BB. Title of paper. In: Title of Conference Proceedings; Month Day-Day, Year; City, State. Publisher; Year:pages.

Example:

8. Chen H, Wang Q. A novel algorithm for image processing. In: Proceedings of the International Conference on Medical Imaging; June 10-12, 2024; Boston, MA. IEEE; 2024:50-55.

Thesis/Dissertation:

Author AA. Title of thesis/dissertation [type of publication]. University Name; Year.

Example:

9. Green L. The role of genetics in neurological disorders [dissertation]. University of California, San Francisco; 2023.

Newspaper Article:

Author AA. Title of article. Newspaper Name. Month Day, Year:pages.

Example:

10. White S. New drug shows promise in clinical trials. New York Times. July 5, 2025:A1, A12.

Online Newspaper Article:

Author AA. Title of article. Newspaper Name. Month Day, Year. URL.

Example:

11. Black J. The future of healthcare. The Guardian. July 8, 2025. https://www.theguardian.com/healthcare/future

Government Publication:

Authoring Agency. Title of Publication. Publication No. City, State: Publisher; Year.

Example:

12. National Institutes of Health. Understanding Cancer. NIH Publication No. 23-CA-1234. Bethesda, MD: National Cancer Institute; 2023.

Online Government Publication:

Authoring Agency. Title of Publication. Publication No. Year. URL.

Example:

13. World Health Organization. Global Health Estimates 2022. 2022. https://www.who.int/data/gho/data/themes/global-health-estimates

This guide provides a concise overview of AMA 11th Edition citation style. For more detailed information and specific examples, always consult the official AMA Manual of Style.

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Introduction

ACS (American Chemical Society) style is a widely used citation and formatting style in chemistry and related scientific fields. It provides clear guidelines for citing sources and formatting scientific documents, ensuring consistency and accuracy in chemical literature. This document offers a concise overview of ACS citation style, covering its core principles, in-text citation rules, reference list formatting, and examples for various publication types.

ACS Citation Systems

ACS style offers three main ways to cite sources in the text:

1. Numeric (superscript): A superscript number is used in the text, corresponding to a numbered entry in the reference list.

   Example: …as demonstrated in a recent study.¹

2. Numeric (italic, in parentheses): An italicized number in parentheses is used in the text, corresponding to a numbered entry in the reference list.

   Example: …as demonstrated in a recent study (1).

3. Author-Date: The author’s last name and the year of publication are used in parentheses in the text, corresponding to an alphabetical entry in the reference list.

   Example: …as demonstrated in a recent study (Smith, 2023).

Consistency is key: Choose one system and use it consistently throughout your paper.

In-Text Citation Rules

Numeric System (Superscript or Italic, in Parentheses)

• References are numbered consecutively in the order they are first cited in the text.

• The number corresponds to the full citation in the numbered reference list.

  Examples:

  • The reaction was observed to proceed rapidly.¹
  • Previous research supports this finding (2).

• Multiple Citations: Use a hyphen for consecutive numbers and commas for non-consecutive numbers.

  Example: …several studies have confirmed this.^3-5,8

• Author Named in Text: If the author’s name is mentioned in the text, the citation number follows the author’s name.

  Example: Smith⁶ reported that…

Author-Date System

• In-text citations consist of the author’s last name and the year of publication in parentheses.

  Example: (Smith, 2023)

• If the author’s name is mentioned in the text, only the year is needed in parentheses.

  Example: Smith (2023) reported that…

• Multiple Authors:

  • Two Authors: (Smith and Jones, 2023)
  • More than Two Authors: (Smith et al., 2023)

• No Author: Use a shortened title and year.

  Example: ("New Discoveries," 2023)

Reference List

Numeric System

• The reference list is titled "References" and is ordered numerically based on the order of appearance in the text.

Author-Date System

• The reference list is titled "References" and is arranged alphabetically by the author’s last name.

General Reference List Formatting Rules

• Author(s): For journal articles and books, list author surnames followed by initials. For multiple authors, separate names with semicolons. For more than 10 authors, list the first 10 followed by "et al."
• Journal Titles: Journal titles are abbreviated according to the Chemical Abstracts Service Source Index (CASSI) or other standard abbreviations.
• Punctuation: Use periods after author names, article titles, and book titles. Commas separate elements within a citation.
• Online Sources: Include a DOI (Digital Object Identifier) if available. If no DOI, include the URL.

Publication Types and Formatting

Articles (Scientific Journals, Preprints, Magazines, and Newspapers)

Journal Articles

Basic Format (Numeric):

1. Author, A. A.; Author, B. B. Title of Article. Abbreviated Journal Title Year, Volume (Issue), pages. DOI.

Example (Numeric):

1. Tan, G. Y.; Das, M.; Keum, H.; Bellotti, P.; Daniliuc, C.; Glorius, F. Photochemical Single-Step Synthesis of β-Amino Acid Derivatives from Alkenes and (Hetero)arenes. Nature Chem. 2022, 14 (10), 1174−1184. DOI: 10.1038/s41557-022-01008-w.

Basic Format (Author-Date):

Author, A. A.; Author, B. B. (Year). Title of Article. Abbreviated Journal Title, Volume(Issue), pages. DOI.

Example (Author-Date):

Tan, G. Y.; Das, M.; Keum, H.; Bellotti, P.; Daniliuc, C.; Glorius, F. (2022). Photochemical Single-Step Synthesis of β-Amino Acid Derivatives from Alkenes and (Hetero)arenes. Nature Chem., 14(10), 1174−1184. DOI: 10.1038/s41557-022-01008-w.

Journal Article with Article Number:

1. Westermayr, J.; Gastegger, M.; Schütt, K. T.; Maurer, R. J. Perspective on Integrating Machine Learning into Computational Chemistry and Materials Science. J. Chem. Phys. 2021, 154 (23), 230903. DOI: 10.1063/5.0047760.

Journal Article Early Publication (Article ASAP):

1. Cheng, S.; Xu, Y.; Kang, M.; Zhu, W.; Wang, L.; Fu, P. Aurovertins from a Marine-Derived Penicillium Species and Nonenzymatic Reactions in Their Formation. J. Nat. Prod. 2025, ASAP Article. DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.4c01436.

Preprints

Basic Format (Numeric):

1. Author, A. A. Title of Preprint. Preprint Server, City, State, Month Day, Year. DOI.

Example (Numeric):

1. Deysher, G.; Oh, J. A. S.; Chen, Y.-T.; Sayahpour, B.; Ham, S.-Y.; Cheng, D.; Ridley, P.; Cronk, A.; Lin, S. W.-H.; Qian, K.; Nguyen, L. H. B.; Jang, J.; Meng, Y. S. An Anode-Free Sodium All-Solid-State Battery, Ver. 1. ChemRxiv, November 23, 2023. DOI: 10.26434/chemrxiv-2023-tkcd9.

Magazines

Basic Format (Numeric):

1. Author, A. A. Title of Article. Magazine Title, Month Day, Year, pages.

Example (Numeric):

1. Patel, P. Mighty MXenes: Ready to Roll. C&EN Global Enterprise 2024, 102 (9), 26−32. DOI: 10.1021/cen-10209-cover.

Newspapers

Basic Format (Numeric):

1. Author, A. A. Title of Article. Newspaper Title, Month Day, Year, pages.

Example (Numeric):

1. Demming, A. ‘Doing Something for the Real World’: How 1,000 UK Schoolkids Helped Crack a Crystals Conundrum. Guardian, March 2, 2024. https://www.theguardian.com/science/2024/mar/02/doing-something-for-the-real-world-how-1000-uk-schoolkids-helped-crack-a-crystals-conundrum.

Books

Basic Format (Numeric):

1. Author, A. A. Title of Book, Edition; Publisher: City, State, Year.

Example (Numeric):

1. Frankel, F. Steeped: The Chemistry of Tea; Royal Society of Chemistry, 2024.

Book with Edition:

1. Atkins, P. Concepts in Physical Chemistry, 2nd ed.; Royal Society of Chemistry, 2024.

Book Chapter:

1. Schmitz, C.; Cremmans, K.; Bissadi, G. Application of Machine Learning Algorithms for Use in Material Chemistry. In Computational and Data-Driven Chemistry Using Artificial Intelligence: Fundamentals, Methods and Applications; Akitsu, T., Ed.; Elsevier, 2022; pp 161−192. DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-12-822249-2.00001-3.

Book with Editors:

1. Mom the Chemistry Professor: Personal Accounts and Advice from Chemistry Professors Who Are Mothers, 2nd ed.; Woznack, K., Charlebois, A., Cole, R. S., Marzabadi, C. H., Webster, G., Eds.; Springer, 2018. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-78972-9.

Translated Book:

1. Djerassi, C.; Hoffmann, R. Oxygène pièce en 1 acte; Aimée. K., Kornprobst, J.-M., Transl.; Presses Universitaires du Mirail: Toulouse, 2003 (originally published as Oxygen: A Play in Two Acts; Wiley, 2001).

Other Common Source Types

Websites

Basic Format (Numeric):

1. Author, A. A. Title of Page. Website Name. URL (accessed Month Day, Year).

Example (Numeric):

1. American Chemical Society. About ACS. ACS.org. https://www.acs.org/about.html (accessed July 1, 2025).

Theses and Dissertations

Basic Format (Numeric):

1. Author, A. A. Title of Thesis/Dissertation; Degree Type, University, City, State, Year.

Example (Numeric):

1. Smith, J. D. Synthesis of Novel Organic Compounds; Ph.D. Dissertation, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 2023.

Patents

Basic Format (Numeric):

1. Inventor, A. A.; Inventor, B. B. Title of Patent. Patent Number, Date.

Example (Numeric):

1. Engelhardt, T. P.; et al. Diabetes Manager for Glucose Testing and Continuous Glucose Monitoring. U.S. Patent US10568511B2, February 25, 2020.

This guide provides a concise overview of American Chemical Society (ACS) citation style. For more detailed information and specific examples, always consult the official ACS Guide to Scholarly Communication.

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APA (American Psychological Association) style is one of the most widely used citation and formatting styles globally, particularly prevalent in the social sciences, psychology, education, and behavioral sciences. While the official APA Style website (https://apastyle.apa.org/) provides comprehensive definitions and examples, its content can be extensive and sometimes overwhelming. This document aims to offer a concise and clear overview of APA 7th Edition formatting, allowing for a quick understanding of its key details.

Basic Principles of Reference List Entries

An APA Style reference list entry generally has four core elements: author, date, title, and source. Each element answers a fundamental question about the work:

• Author: Who is responsible for this work?
• Date: When was this work published?
• Title: What is this work called?
• Source: Where can I retrieve this work?

These four elements form the foundation for creating a reference entry for virtually any type of work, ensuring consistency and clarity in scholarly communication. Even if a specific example is not found in the Publication Manual, applying these principles allows for accurate citation.

Punctuation in Reference List Entries

Punctuation marks are crucial for grouping information within reference list entries:

• A period should appear after each of the four main reference elements (author, date, title, and source). However, do not place a period after a DOI or URL to prevent interference with link functionality. If a title ends with a question mark or exclamation point, that punctuation replaces the period.
• Commas or parentheses are used to separate parts of the same reference element. For instance, commas separate authors’ last names and initials, and also separate different authors’ names. In journal article references, commas separate the journal name from the volume number, and the issue number from the page numbers.
• No comma is used between the journal volume and issue numbers. The issue number is placed in parentheses directly after the volume number.
• Italicize punctuation marks that are part of an italicized reference element (e.g., a comma within an italicized book title). Do not italicize punctuation marks that appear between reference elements (e.g., the period after an italicized book title).

Correspondence Between In-Text Citations and Reference List Entries

Every in-text citation in an APA Style paper must correspond to a complete entry in the reference list. This allows readers to easily locate the full source information for any in-text citation. For example, an in-text citation like (Botto & Rochat, 2018) would directly link to a detailed entry for Botto and Rochat’s work in the reference list.

Works Included in a Reference List

Generally, the reference list includes only works that were cited in the text. This means that personal communications (e.g., emails, informal conversations) and general mentions of websites or common knowledge that are not directly cited are typically excluded from the reference list. The purpose of the reference list is to allow readers to find the specific sources that informed your work.

Reference List Order

Entries in an APA Style reference list are arranged in alphabetical order by the author’s last name. If there are multiple works by the same author, they are ordered chronologically by publication year, with the earliest work listed first. If an author has multiple works published in the same year, lowercase letters (a, b, c, etc.) are added after the year to differentiate them (e.g., Smith, J. (2020a). …; Smith, J. (2020b). …).

In-Text Citation Rules

APA Style uses an author-date citation system. This means that every time you refer to, summarize, paraphrase, or quote from another source, you must include an in-text citation that identifies the author and the year of publication. The specific format of the in-text citation depends on whether you are using a narrative citation (author’s name integrated into the sentence) or a parenthetical citation (author’s name and year in parentheses).

Narrative Citation

In a narrative citation, the author’s name appears in the running text, and the year of publication is placed in parentheses immediately after the author’s name.

Example: Smith (2020) found that…

Parenthetical Citation

In a parenthetical citation, both the author’s name and the year of publication appear in parentheses, separated by a comma. The citation can appear at the end of a sentence or within a sentence, before punctuation.

Example: …as has been shown in previous research (Smith, 2020).

Citations with Multiple Authors

• Two Authors: Cite both authors’ last names every time you cite the work. Use

Publication Types and Formatting

APA Style provides specific formatting guidelines for various publication types. The following sections detail the formatting requirements for common source types.

Journal Articles

Author:

• Invert all authors’ names, providing the surname first, followed by a comma and the author’s initials.
• Use a comma to separate authors’ names.
• Use an ampersand (&) before the last author’s name.
• For articles with up to 20 authors, include all authors’ names in the reference list.
• For articles with 21 or more authors, include the first 19 authors’ names, then an ellipsis (…), and then the last author’s name.

Date:

• Provide the year of publication in parentheses, followed by a period.

Title:

• Use sentence case for the article title, capitalizing only the first word of the title and subtitle, and any proper nouns.
• Do not italicize the article title or place it in quotation marks.

Journal Name (Source):

• Provide the full, official journal title in title case (capitalize all major words).
• Italicize the journal title.
• Follow the journal title with a comma.

Volume, Issue, and Pages:

• Italicize the volume number.
• Place the issue number in parentheses immediately after the volume number, with no space in between. Do not italicize the issue number.
• Provide the page range of the article, separated by a hyphen. Do not use “pp.” before the page numbers.
• Follow the page range with a period.

DOI or URL:

• If the article has a DOI (Digital Object Identifier), include it as a hyperlink (e.g., https://doi.org/…). Do not add a period after the DOI.
• If the article does not have a DOI and is from an academic research database, the reference ends after the page range.
• If the article does not have a DOI but has a URL that will resolve for readers (e.g., from an online journal not in a database), include the URL at the end of the reference.

Example: Journal Article with DOI

Grady, J. S., Her, M., Moreno, G., Perez, C., & Yelinek, J. (2019). Emotions in storybooks: A comparison of storybooks that represent ethnic and racial groups in the United States. Psychology of Popular Media Culture, 8(3), 207–217. https://doi.org/10.1037/ppm0000185

Example: Journal Article with an Article Number

Jerrentrup, A., Mueller, T., Glowalla, U., Herder, M., Henrichs, N., Neubauer, A., & Schaefer, J. R. (2018). Teaching medicine with the help of “Dr. House.” PLoS ONE, 13(3), Article e0193972. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0193972

Books and Ebooks

APA Style uses the same formatting for both print books and ebooks. The format, platform, or device (e.g., Kindle) is generally not included in the reference.

Author:

• Invert all authors’ names (surname first, then initials).
• Use a comma to separate authors’ names.
• Use an ampersand (&) before the last author’s name.

Date:

• Provide the copyright date of the book in parentheses, followed by a period.

Title:

• Italicize the title of the book.
• Use sentence case for the book title, capitalizing only the first word of the title and subtitle, and any proper nouns.
• Include any edition information in parentheses after the title, without italics (e.g., (2nd ed.)).

Publisher:

• Provide the name of the publisher.
• Do not include the publisher location.

DOI or URL:

• If the book has a DOI, include it as a hyperlink (e.g., https://doi.org/…). Do not add a period after the DOI.
• If an ebook without a DOI has a stable URL that will resolve for readers, include the URL of the book in the reference. Do not include the name of the database.
• If an ebook is from an academic research database and has no DOI or stable URL, the reference ends after the publisher name (same as for a print book).

Example: Whole Authored Book

Jackson, L. M. (2019). The psychology of prejudice: From attitudes to social action (2nd ed.). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/0000168-000

Example: Whole Edited Book

Hygum, E., & Pedersen, P. M. (Eds.). (2010). Early childhood education: Values and practices in Denmark. Hans Reitzels Forlag. https://earlychildhoodeducation.digi.hansreitzel.dk/

Webpages and Websites

APA Style provides guidelines for citing webpages and websites, distinguishing between news websites, organizational websites, and those with individual authors.

Author:

• Can be an individual author, a group author (e.g., government agency, organization), or omitted if no author is identified.
• If the author and site name are the same, omit the site name from the source element to avoid repetition.

Date:

• Provide the most specific date available (year, month day) in parentheses.
• If the content is designed to change over time and is not archived, include a retrieval date (e.g., Retrieved January 9, 2020, from).
• If no date is available, use (n.d.).

Title:

• Italicize the title of the webpage.
• Use sentence case for the title.

Source:

• Provide the name of the website.
• End the reference with the URL.

Example: Webpage on a News Website

Bologna, C. (2019, October 31). Why some people with anxiety love watching horror movies. HuffPost. https://www.huffpost.com/entry/anxiety-love-watching-horror-movies_l_5d277587e4b02a5a5d57b59e

Example: Webpage on a Website with a Government Agency Group Author

National Institute of Mental Health. (2018, July). Anxiety disorders. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health. https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/anxiety-disorders/index.shtml

Example: Webpage on a Website with an Individual Author

Mantel, B. (2025, April 24). How to be a caregiver for someone with multiple sclerosis. AARP. https://www.aarp.org/caregiving/health/info-2025/multiple-sclerosis-care-plan/

an ampersand (&) between their last names in parenthetical citations, and the word “and” in narrative citations.

**Example (Parenthetical):** (Smith & Jones, 2020)**Example (Narrative):** Smith and Jones (2020) found that...

• Three or More Authors: For works with three or more authors, cite only the first author’s last name followed by “et al.” (Latin for “and others”) in both narrative and parenthetical citations.

  Example (Parenthetical): (Brown et al., 2019)
  Example (Narrative): Brown et al. (2019) argued that…

Direct Quotations

When directly quoting from a source, you must include the author, year, and page number (for print sources) or paragraph number (for electronic sources without page numbers).

• Print Source:

  Example: “The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog” (Doe, 2018, p. 25).

• Electronic Source (without page numbers):

  Example: “The study revealed significant correlations” (Smith, 2021, para. 3).

Other Publication Types and Formatting

Beyond journal articles, books, and webpages, APA Style provides guidelines for a wide array of other publication types. Here’s a summary of some key categories and their general formatting principles:

Reports and Gray Literature

This category includes technical and research reports, government reports, brochures, ethics codes, fact sheets, ISO standards, press releases, and white papers. The key elements often include:

• Author: Individual author(s) or a group author (e.g., government agency, organization).
• Date: Year of publication.
• Title: Italicized title of the report or document, followed by any report number in parentheses (not italicized).
• Source: Publisher (often the organization that produced the report).
• DOI or URL: If available.

Example: Report by a Government Agency

National Institute of Mental Health. (2018). Anxiety disorders (NIH Publication No. 18-MH-8085). U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health. https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/anxiety-disorders/index.shtml

Conference Presentations and Proceedings

This category covers papers or posters presented at conferences, as well as published conference proceedings.

• Author: Presenter(s) or author(s) of the paper.
• Date: Year, Month Day(s) of the conference.
• Title: Italicized title of the presentation or paper, followed by a description in square brackets (e.g., [Conference presentation]).
• Source: Name of the conference, and if applicable, the publisher of the proceedings and DOI/URL.

Example: Conference Presentation

Evans, A. C., Jr., Garbarino, J., Bocanegra, E., Kinscherff, R. T., & Márquez, J. (2019, August 8–11). Developing social emotional skills in a summer camp intervention [Conference presentation]. American Psychological Association 127th Annual Convention, Chicago, IL, United States.

Dissertations and Theses

This category includes both published and unpublished dissertations and theses.

• Author: Author of the dissertation/thesis.
• Date: Year of publication.
• Title: Italicized title of the dissertation/thesis, followed by a description in square brackets (e.g., [Doctoral dissertation, University of California, Berkeley] or [Master’s thesis, University of Toronto]).
• Source: Name of the institution awarding the degree, and if applicable, the database or archive and accession number/URL.

Example: Published Doctoral Dissertation

Hollander, M. M. (2017). Resistance to authority: An application of the theory of psychological reactance (Publication No. 10260763) [Doctoral dissertation, University of Maryland]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global.

Data and Assessments

This category includes datasets, software, and tests.

• Author: Creator(s) of the dataset, software, or test.
• Date: Year of publication/release.
• Title: Italicized title, followed by a description in square brackets (e.g., [Dataset], [Computer software], [Psychological test]).
• Source: Publisher or distributor, and DOI/URL if available.

Example: Dataset

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. (2015). Framingham Heart Study (FHS) dataset: 1948–2014 [Dataset]. National Center for Biotechnology Information. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gap/phs000007

Audiovisual Media

This broad category encompasses films, TV series episodes, webinars, YouTube videos, podcasts, music albums, songs, and more.

• Author: Director, producer, host, artist, or primary creator.
• Date: Year of release.
• Title: Italicized title, followed by a description in square brackets (e.g., [Film], [TV series episode], [Video]).
• Source: Production company, studio, or platform, and URL if applicable.

Example: Film

Fleming, V. (Director). (1939). Gone with the wind [Film]. Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer.

Example: YouTube Video

American Psychological Association. (2019, September 12). APA Style 7th Edition: An introduction [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yY_v08t5Q4M

Social Media

This includes posts from platforms like Facebook, Instagram, LinkedIn, TikTok, and X (formerly Twitter).

• Author: Individual or group author (username, real name).
• Date: Year, Month Day of the post.
• Content: Up to the first 20 words of the post in standard font, followed by a description in square brackets (e.g., [Image attached], [Video attached]).
• Source: Name of the social media platform, and URL.

Example: X (formerly Twitter) Post

APA Style. [@APA_Style]. (2020, January 23). Happy #NationalReadingDay! What are you reading? [Image attached] [Tweet]. X. https://twitter.com/APA_Style/status/1220377196234981376

Key Differences in Reference Formatting: APA 7th Edition vs. APA 6th Edition

The APA 7th Edition introduced several significant changes to reference formatting compared to the 6th Edition, aiming for greater clarity, consistency, and adaptability to modern publication practices. Here are the key differences:

1. Number of Authors in Reference List Entries

• APA 6th Edition: For works with 8 or more authors, list the first 6 authors, then an ellipsis (…), and then the last author.
• APA 7th Edition: For works with 21 or more authors, list the first 19 authors, then an ellipsis (…), and then the last author. This change accommodates collaborations with a larger number of contributors.

2. Publisher Location

• APA 6th Edition: Required the inclusion of the publisher’s city and state (or country) for books and other publications.
• APA 7th Edition: No longer requires the publisher location. This simplifies reference entries and reflects the global nature of publishing.

3. “Retrieved from” for URLs

• APA 6th Edition: Often required the phrase “Retrieved from” before a URL for online sources.
• APA 7th Edition: The phrase “Retrieved from” is generally no longer needed before a URL or DOI. The URL or DOI is simply provided as a direct link.

4. DOIs (Digital Object Identifiers)

• APA 6th Edition: DOIs were presented with the label “doi:” (e.g., doi:10.1037/a0028270).
• APA 7th Edition: DOIs are now formatted as hyperlinks (e.g., https://doi.org/10.1037/a0028270). The “doi:” label is removed, and the URL format is preferred.

5. Ebook Information

• APA 6th Edition: Sometimes required information about the ebook format, platform, or device (e.g., Kindle version).
• APA 7th Edition: Does not require the format, platform, or device for ebooks. The reference for an ebook is generally the same as for a print book, unless a specific URL is needed for retrieval.

6. Website Titles

• APA 6th Edition: Website titles were typically not italicized.
• APA 7th Edition: Titles of stand-alone works (e.g., reports, webpages) are italicized.

7. In-Text Citations for Three or More Authors

• APA 6th Edition: For works with three, four, or five authors, all authors were listed in the first in-text citation, and subsequent citations used the first author followed by “et al.”. For six or more authors, “et al.” was used from the first citation.
• APA 7th Edition: For works with three or more authors, use the first author’s name followed by “et al.” from the first citation onward. This simplifies in-text citations.